Mukhlis Tanveer Jan writer.

Noun A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas and feelings. A noun functions as a subject or object of a verb and can be modified by an adjective. Examples - John, lion, table, freedom, love I live in United States of America. Emma is my sister. I love to play with my cat. Different types of Nouns There are different types of nouns: Abstract Noun - An Abstract Noun names an idea, event, quality, or concept (freedom, love, courage etc) Concrete nouns name something recognizable through the sense (table, dog, house etc) Examples – Love-Love is a wonderful thing! Peace-Let there be peace on Fear-I was full of fear. Compound Noun – A Compound nouns refer to two or more nouns combined to form a single noun (sister-in-law, schoolboy, fruit juice) Examples – Get your hair-cut today, please. Emma is my girl-friend. The Police-man rushed to the scene of the crime. Collective Noun - A collective noun describes a group of things or people as a unit (family, flock, audience) Examples – Our class took a field trip to the natural history museum. We waited anxiously for the jury to come to a verdict. Napoleon’s army was finally defeated at Waterloo. Some Collective Nouns Flock– A group of birds; also used to discuss small hooves animals such as sheep or goats. Swarm– A group of insects. Shoal– A group of fish. Group– A very general term used to describe people, places, things, and animals. Crowd– Usually used to describe a group of people. Common Noun - Common noun is the name of a group of similar things (table, book, window) Proper nouns, however, refer to the name of a single person, place or thing (John, Joseph, London) Examples – Let's pick the yellow flowers for Dad. I really like the song that is playing on the radio. Sophia gives us homework every day of the week except Sunday. More Examples of Common Nouns: People: boy, man, teacher, nurse, firefighter, president Places: house, yard, building, church, city, country, beach Things: desk, phone, book, candle, pencil, basket, dog Ideas: confidence, sadness, courage, speed Animate Noun - Animate nouns refer to a person, animal, or other creature (man, elephant, chicken etc) An inanimate noun refers to a material object (stone, wood, table etc) Examples – Tigers and Elephants are found throughout the country. The young Lions are far more destructive than the old. The new office block has become an expensive leopard. Countable Noun- Countable (or count) nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number- they can be counted. (Friends, chairs, houses, boys) Uncountable (or non count) nouns, however, can only be used in singular. They can't be counted. (Money, bread, water, coffee) Examples – There are almost 35 restaurants in New York where I like to go. We took many photographs when we went to Los Angeles. I have only few Plural Vs Singular Nouns can be singular or plural. The plural form of a noun is usually formed by adding s at the end of the noun. But this is not always the case. There are exceptions to the rule. Some plurals are irregular. Singular Vs Plural Examples – Leaf – Leaves Knife – Knives Scarf - Scarves Singular Examples – A girl was playing football in the ground. My horse is hungry and tired. There is only one window in that house. Plural Examples – My sisters have given me a gift. That boy has been beaten up by those boys. We have bought new brushephone. Pronoun A pronoun is used in the place of a noun or phrase. Or Pronouns are words that substitute a noun or another pronoun. Examples - I, you, he, she, it, who, themselves. This House belongs to us. I won the race. The matter is between Olivia and me. Types of pronouns 1- Subject Pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, and they) 2- Object Pronouns (Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them) 3- Reflexive Pronouns (Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves) 4- Possessive Pronouns (Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) 5- Demonstrative Pronouns (This, that, those, these) 6- Relative Pronouns (Who, which, that, whose) Subject Pronouns - Subject pronouns are used as grammatical subjects in a sentence. A subject pronoun does the action of the sentence instead of receiving the action, as an object/objective pronoun does. Subject pronouns are used to replace the subject (person or thing) of a verb. We do NOT normally say: Olivia is tall and Olivia is intelligent. Saying the word "Olivia" twice is repetitive and does not sound natural. We replace the Subject (Olivia) that appears the second time with a subject pronoun to avoid repetition (and in this case to avoid saying the name Olivia again.) So we would say: Olivia is tall and she is intelligent. We replace the second "Olivia" with the Subject Pronoun "She". Examples – (I, you, he, she, it, we, and they) I am from United States of America. My friends and I are having a great time! The time is seven o'clock. Object Pronouns - Object pronouns are used as grammatical objects in the sentence: the direct or indirect object of a verb or the object of a preposition. An object pronoun receives the action instead of doing the action itself. They are contrasted with subject/subjective pronouns. Examples – (Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them) I like you but you don't like me. He loves sitting next to her. She always writes e-mails to us. Reflexive Pronouns - Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object in a sentence are the same person. Examples – (Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves) She looked at herself in the mirror. He injured himself during the game. Emma herself cooked dinner, not her mother. Possessive Pronouns - A possessive pronoun is a word that replaces a noun (or a noun phrase) in a sentence and shows ownership. The possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs. Examples – (Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) This car is bigger than mine. No, it's yours. Oliver found his clothes but Emma couldn't find hers. Demonstrative Pronouns - Demonstrative pronouns are those that identify or point to a thing or things and occasionally persons. They can be both singular and plural and they refer to nouns that are either nearby or far away in time or space. Examples – (This, that, those, these) This is her car, and (further away) is mine. These are my shoes. That is incorrect. Relative Pronouns - Relative pronouns introduce a relative clause - either as a subject (who, which, that), or as a direct object (whom, which, that), or in the context of a prepositional phrase (to whom, with which, by which, etc). They are called "relative" because in a declarative sentence, they relate to a noun that has normally just been mentioned. Examples – (Who, which, that, whose) Her new laptop, which she bought last week, is very expensive. The girl whom he met last week is very nice. This is the woman who sold me a stolen mobile phone. Verbs A verb in syntax is a part of speech which conveys action (bring, read, walk, run, learn) or state of being (exist, stand) or Verbs have traditionally been defined as words that show action or state of being. Sentences in English have a main verb which is stated in a tense (simple present, simple past, simple future...) Examples – William writes short stories at home Emma is buying a newspaper today. Students went to the play ground often. Types of Verbs – Main Verbs (or Action Verbs) Helping Verbs or (Auxiliary Verbs) Linking Verbs Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs Main Verbs (or Action Verbs) - Main verbs or action verbs are used to express action; something that an animal, a person or a thing does. In each of the following sentences, we only have a main verb. Or Action verbs are verbs that are used to explain what the subject of a sentence is actively doing. Examples - Ran, swim, jump, move, look, and catch are all action verbs. He is reading the newspaper. A girl rolled down the hill on a skateboard. I wake up at 6 A.M. everyday Helping Verbs - As the name suggests, helping verbs help or support the main verb, also known as Auxiliary Verbs, lend a helping hand to the main verb in a sentence. These verbs can assist in: Forming a question Creating a negative statement Showing a possibility Dictating verb tense Examples – Is, Be, Do, Have, Could, Must, Will, Should, May, Might, Must, Were Does Sophia write all her own reports? I may marry you soon. She is watching a movie. Linking Verbs - Linking Verbs do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject of the verb to additional information about the subject. Examples - be, being, been, am, is, are, was, were, seem, look, feel, sound, and taste. This sweet tastes The pizza is heavenly? The fabric will feel Transitive Verbs- A transitive verb requires a direct object to complete its meaning, an 'agent' performs an action and a "patient" or "theme" undergoes the action. The direct object usually takes form as a noun phrase. It has two prominent features: It acts as an action verb, expressing an activity. It uses a direct object that receives an action. Examples – I know – Here, the verb is ‘know’ The object upon which that verb is acting is Emma. Therefore, know is a transitive verb in this case. He lost my cat. – The verb is ‘lost’ The object upon which that verb is acting is my cat. Lost, then, is a transitive verb in this case. He found the article very interesting to read. – The verb ‘found’ is taking the object ‘the article,’ making this a transitive verb in this case. Intransitive Verbs - An intransitive verb does not accept an object (Noun Phrase) as its complement. Instead, it may take an adverb or a prepositional phrase as its complement (a required element) or as an adjunct (an optional element). A passive structure cannot be formed because there is no object. Examples – The students arrived at the residency in Chicago. The patient’s health deteriorated quickly during the night. The meeting continued after the break. Adjectives An adjective is a word which modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives are describing words. Large, grey, and friendly are all examples of adjectives. Examples – They live in a big, beautiful. This shop is much nicer. The sky was multicolored. (i). Adjectives may come before a noun He found a nice job (ii). Adjectives may also come after certain verbs like be, feel, seem, look: He is intelligent I feel happy She seems unhappy They look fantastic The Different Types of Adjectives The Articles Possessive Adjectives Demonstrative Adjectives Indefinite Adjectives Numbers Adjectives The Articles - There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because they are used to discuss non-specific things and people, a and an are called indefinite articles. Examples – I think an animal is in the garage. I own a horse and two cats. The girl sitting next to me raised her hand. Possessive Adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their - modify the noun following it in order to show possession. Examples – This is my car Why didn't you clean your room? Its color is beautiful. Demonstrative Adjectives- Demonstrative adjectives are adjectives that are used to modify a noun so that we know which specific person, place, or thing is mentioned. Examples – (This, that, former, latter, these, those) If I hear that parrot again, I will call the police. Can you pass me this black pen? The former education minister was a corrupt person. Indefinite Adjectives - Indefinite adjective offers general information about the amount of the noun it modifies. Examples – another, any, less, little, many, more, much, some She left the house a few (adjective) minutes (Noun) ago. I expected several visitors for today’s function. Both charges have not been proved. Numbers Adjectives- Numbers are classified as adjectives too. Examples – I have five You have three They have ten Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. "Modifies" means "tells more about." An adverb tells more about how the verb is being done. Many adverbs end in "-ly." Examples – Emma writes quickly and well. The midwives waited patiently through a long labor. The brothers were badly injured in the fight. Types of Adverbs - Adverb of Time Adverb of Place Adverb of Manner Adverb of Degree Adverb of Frequency Adverb of Time- An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. Examples - Now, yesterday, soon, later, tomorrow, yet, already, tonight, today, then, last month/year We are going to church on Sunday for prayer. My father went to Chile last year for a vacation. He was in Thailand for two months last year. Adverb of Place - An adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. Example - off, above, abroad, far, on, away, back, here, out, outside, backwards, behind, in, below, down, indoors, downstairs, inside, nearby, near, over, there, towards, under, up, upstairs, where, everywhere, elsewhere, anywhere, nowhere, somewhere. Let us put the china wares in the cupboard. The kid is hiding behind Teapot is inside the kitchen drawer. Adverb of Manner - An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Example - cheerfully, efficiently, painfully, secretly, quietly, peacefully, carefully, slowly, badly, closely, easily, well, fast, quickly. I am madly in love with my dear wife. The clever thief moved swiftly. Make your decision carefully. Adverb of Degree- An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens. Example - quite, fairly, too, enormously, entirely, very, extremely, rather, almost, absolutely, just, barely, completely, enough, deeply, enormously, fully, greatly, hardly, incredibly, practically, scarcely, barely, somewhat, terribly, virtually Arthur is rather Father was much Father was very much Adverb of Frequency- An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Example - always, sometimes, often/frequently, normally/generally, usually, occasionally, seldom, rarely/hardly ever, never, They were almost fifty when they got married. He always wears a shirt and tie. She normally eats three meals a day. Prepositions A preposition is usually a short word placed before a substantive (or a pronoun) and indicating the relation of that substantive to other parts of the sentence (mostly verbs). Example - in, of, at, by, for, with, under, above, into, onto, upon, about, behind, beside, before, after, towards, inside, outside, below, around etc. She sat on the chair. There is some fruits in the fridge. He was hiding under the roof. Types of Preposition – Preposition of Time Preposition of Place Preposition of Direction Preposition of Agent or Instrumentality Preposition of Phrases Preposition of Time – Prepositions of Time is used to discuss time like months, days, hours, seasons and general time of the day. Example - In, On, At, By, With, For, Over, Under, Of, To I have a meeting at Many shops don't open on No, we went out for drinks after. Preposition of Place - Preposition of Place is used to denote the place or position of something or someone. at for a POINT in for an ENCLOSED SPACE on for a SURFACE Example - on, in, at, by, above, below, under, beside, near, behind, between, among, against. Do you live in India? Jupiter is in the Solar System. The author's- Oliver name is on the cover of the book. Preposition of Direction- Preposition of Direction is expressing the idea that someone or something is moving in a specific direction. Example - to, into, onto Emma went to the library. The Black ball is bouncing onto the Red box. The White ball is bouncing into the Black box. Preposition of Agent – Also known as Instrumentality. Prepositions are words that link either the noun, or the pronoun with another word in the sentence so as to form a relationship between them. Example – By, With Harry Potter was written byK. Rowling. Her heart was filled with The Odyssey was written by Preposition of Phrases- A preposition is a word that expresses a relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence. Example – in, by, on, about, under, with, except, of, to, out of, when, where, why, up, down He bumps his head going up and down the stairs. We stayed at the cabin by the river. Sophia was asking about the project. Conjunctions The conjunction is the part of speech used as a “joiner” for words, phrases, or clauses in a particular sentence. Examples – For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks. Emma did not like bananas but she loved apples. You may bring a main dish or a side dish to the party. There are three types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions - Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that connect two or more equal items. Examples- and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet She plays tennis and soccer It is raining, so we have an umbrella. He works quickly but accurately Correlative Conjunctions- Correlative Conjunctions are used in pairs. They work in pairs to coordinate two items. Examples- both...and..., either...or, not only... but also... neither…nor, not only …. But also My sister will begin either trade school or community college in the fall. I didn't know that she can neither read nor He is not only a strong student but also a gifted athlete. Subordinating Conjunctions - Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join a dependent (or subordinating) clause to an independent (or main) clause. Examples- After, Although, As, Because, Before, Even if, Even though, If, In order that, Once, Provided that, Rather than, Since, So that, Than, That, Though, Unless, Until, When, Whenever, Where, Whereas, Wherever, Whether, While, Why After dinner, we’ll go see a movie. Whether or not you agree, I think it looks fine. Until we find it, we can’t leave. Interjections In grammar, an interjection is a part of speech or (a lexical category) which is used to show a short sudden expression of emotion. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. An interjection is a short word or phrase that shows emotion. It often stands alone, unconnected to a sentence. Example – Oops! I did it again! Ooh, what a lovely dress! Yahoo, we did it! Alas, it was not to be. You two are dating? Awesome! Bingo! Right on target! Oh wow, that is so cool! examples. The straightforward rule is that singular pronouns must go with singular nouns, and plural pronouns must go with plural nouns. So, for example: “Every boy must sign in when they arrive” is incorrect. “Boy” is singular, and “they” is plural. The correct phrasing here would be: “Every boy must sign in when he arrives.” Grammar and punctuation are essential in the English language and gaining confidence in how to avoid any grammatical errors is a valuable part of your learning journey.  You should practice developing your grammar daily; it will help you to become a confident writer with a firm grasp on the English language. Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. "Modifies" means "tells more about." An adverb tells more about how the verb is being done. Many adverbs end in "-ly." Examples – Emma writes quickly and well. The midwives waited patiently through a long labor. The brothers were badly injured in the fight. Types of Adverbs - Adverb of Time Adverb of Place Adverb of Manner Adverb of Degree Adverb of Frequency Adverb of Time- An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. Examples - Now, yesterday, soon, later, tomorrow, yet, already, tonight, today, then, last month/year We are going to church on Sunday for prayer. My father went to Chile last year for a vacation. He was in Thailand for two months last year. Adverb of Place - An adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. Example - off, above, abroad, far, on, away, back, here, out, outside, backwards, behind, in, below, down, indoors, downstairs, inside, nearby, near, over, there, towards, under, up, upstairs, where, everywhere, elsewhere, anywhere, nowhere, somewhere. Let us put the china wares in the cupboard. The kid is hiding behind Teapot is inside the kitchen drawer. Adverb of Manner - An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Example - cheerfully, efficiently, painfully, secretly, quietly, peacefully, carefully, slowly, badly, closely, easily, well, fast, quickly. I am madly in love with my dear wife. The clever thief moved swiftly. Make your decision carefully. Adverb of Degree- An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens. Example - quite, fairly, too, enormously, entirely, very, extremely, rather, almost, absolutely, just, barely, completely, enough, deeply, enormously, fully, greatly, hardly, incredibly, practically, scarcely, barely, somewhat, terribly, virtually Arthur is rather Father was much Father was very much Adverb of Frequency- An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Example - always, sometimes, often/frequently, normally/generally, usually, occasionally, seldom, rarely/hardly ever, never, They were almost fifty when they got married. He always wears a shirt and tie. She normally eats three meals a day. Conjunctions The conjunction is the part of speech used as a “joiner” for words, phrases, or clauses in a particular sentence. Examples – For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks. Emma did not like bananas but she loved apples. You may bring a main dish or a side dish to the party. There are three types of conjunctions: Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions - Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that connect two or more equal items. Examples- and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet She plays tennis and soccer It is raining, so we have an umbrella. He works quickly but accurately Correlative Conjunctions- Correlative Conjunctions are used in pairs. They work in pairs to coordinate two items. Examples- both...and..., either...or, not only... but also... neither…nor, not only …. But also My sister will begin either trade school or community college in the fall. I didn't know that she can neither read nor He is not only a strong student but also a gifted athlete. Subordinating Conjunctions - Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join a dependent (or subordinating) clause to an independent (or main) clause. Examples- After, Although, As, Because, Before, Even if, Even though, If, In order that, Once, Provided that, Rather than, Since, So that, Than, That, Though, Unless, Until, When, Whenever, Where, Whereas, Wherever, Whether, While, Why After dinner, we’ll go see a movie. Whether or not you agree, I think it looks fine. Noun A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas and feelings. A noun functions as a subject or object of a verb and can be modified by an adjective. Examples - John, lion, table, freedom, love I live in United States of America. Emma is my sister. I love to play with my cat. Different types of Nouns There are different types of nouns: Abstract Noun - An Abstract Noun names an idea, event, quality, or concept (freedom, love, courage etc) Concrete nouns name something recognizable through the sense (table, dog, house etc) Examples – Love-Love is a wonderful thing! Peace-Let there be peace on Fear-I was full of fear. Compound Noun – A Compound nouns refer to two or more nouns combined to form a single noun (sister-in-law, schoolboy, fruit juice) Examples – Get your hair-cut today, please. Emma is my girl-friend. The Police-man rushed to the scene of the crime. Collective Noun - A collective noun describes a group of things or people as a unit (family, flock, audience) Examples – Our class took a field trip to the natural history museum. We waited anxiously for the jury to come to a verdict. Napoleon’s army was finally defeated at Waterloo. Some Collective Nouns Flock– A group of birds; also used to discuss small hooves animals such as sheep or goats. Swarm– A group of insects. Shoal– A group of fish. Group– A very general term used to describe people, places, things, and animals. Crowd– Usually used to describe a group of people. Common Noun - Common noun is the name of a group of similar things (table, book, window) Proper nouns, however, refer to the name of a single person, place or thing (John, Joseph, London) Examples – Let's pick the yellow flowers for Dad. I really like the song that is playing on the radio. Sophia gives us homework every day of the week except Sunday. More Examples of Common Nouns: People: boy, man, teacher, nurse, firefighter, president Places: house, yard, building, church, city, country, beach Things: desk, phone, book, candle, pencil, basket, dog Ideas: confidence, sadness, courage, speed Animate Noun - Animate nouns refer to a person, animal, or other creature (man, elephant, chicken etc) An inanimate noun refers to a material object (stone, wood, table etc) Examples – Tigers and Elephants are found throughout the country. The young Lions are far more destructive than the old. The new office block has become an expensive leopard. Countable Noun- Countable (or count) nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number- they can be counted. (Friends, chairs, houses, boys) Uncountable (or non count) nouns, however, can only be used in singular. They can't be counted. (Money, bread, water, coffee) Examples – There are almost 35 restaurants in New York where I like to go. We took many photographs when we went to Los Angeles. I have only few Plural Vs Singular Nouns can be singular or plural. The plural form of a noun is usually formed by adding s at the end of the noun. But this is not always the case. There are exceptions to the rule. Some plurals are irregular. Singular Vs Plural Examples – Leaf – Leaves Knife – Knives Scarf - Scarves Singular Examples – A girl was playing football in the ground. My horse is hungry and tired. There is only one window in that house. Plural Examples – My sisters have given me a gift. That boy has been beaten up by those boys. We have bought new brushes. Pronoun A pronoun is used in the place of a noun or phrase. Or Pronouns are words that substitute a noun or another pronoun. Examples - I, you, he, she, it, who, themselves. This House belongs to us. I won the race. The matter is between Olivia and me. Types of pronouns 1- Subject Pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, and they) 2- Object Pronouns (Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them) 3- Reflexive Pronouns (Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves) 4- Possessive Pronouns (Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) 5- Demonstrative Pronouns (This, that, those, these) 6- Relative Pronouns (Who, which, that, whose) Subject Pronouns - Subject pronouns are used as grammatical subjects in a sentence. A subject pronoun does the action of the sentence instead of receiving the action, as an object/objective pronoun does. Subject pronouns are used to replace the subject (person or thing) of a verb. We do NOT normally say: Olivia is tall and Olivia is intelligent. Saying the word "Olivia" twice is repetitive and does not sound natural. We replace the Subject (Olivia) that appears the second time with a subject pronoun to avoid repetition (and in this case to avoid saying the name Olivia again.) So we would say: Olivia is tall and she is intelligent. We replace the second "Olivia" with the Subject Pronoun "She". Examples – (I, you, he, she, it, we, and they) I am from United States of America. My friends and I are having a great time! The time is seven o'clock. Object Pronouns - Object pronouns are used as grammatical objects in the sentence: the direct or indirect object of a verb or the object of a preposition. An object pronoun receives the action instead of doing the action itself. They are contrasted with subject/subjective pronouns. Examples – (Me, you, him, her, it, us, and them) I like you but you don't like me. He loves sitting next to her. She always writes e-mails to us. Reflexive Pronouns - Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object in a sentence are the same person. Examples – (Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves) She looked at herself in the mirror. He injured himself during the game. Emma herself cooked dinner, not her mother. Possessive Pronouns - A possessive pronoun is a word that replaces a noun (or a noun phrase) in a sentence and shows ownership. The possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs. Examples – (Mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) This car is bigger than mine. No, it's yours. Oliver found his clothes but Emma couldn't find hers. Demonstrative Pronouns - Demonstrative pronouns are those that identify or point to a thing or things and occasionally persons. I am Tanveer Kurd As a English teacher write it For genius Students only.