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Construction principle The requirements of the palace in the examination The requirements of the palace in the examination The Forbidden City is strictly constructed in accordance with the principles of the imperial capital construction of “Before the City, Zuozu Youshe” in Zhou Li·Kao Gong Ji. Throughout the Forbidden City, in the architectural arrangement, the form changes, the ups and downs of the way, combined into a whole. Functionally in line with the hierarchy of the feudal society. At the same time, it achieves the artistic effect of left and right balance and physical changes. The roof form of Chinese architecture is rich and colorful. In the Forbidden City building, there are more than 10 different types of roofs. Take the three halls as an example, the roofs are different. The roof of the Forbidden City is full of glazed tiles. The main hall is mainly yellow. Green is used for the construction of the Emperor's residential area. Other blue, purple, black, green, and malachite green, sapphire blue and other colorful glass, used in gardens or glass walls. On both sides of the roof of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there are glazed beasts on both ends of the ridge, which swallow the ridges firmly and forcefully. The kiss beast is beautifully shaped and is a component and a decoration. A part of the tile shape shapes the three-dimensional animal image of dragon, phoenix, lion and seahorse, symbolizing auspiciousness and majesty. These components play a decorative role in the building. Construction process Beijing was originally the land of Yan Wang Zhu Xi. After the Battle of Jing Dynasties, the first year of Yongle (1403), Li Zhigang of the Ministry of Rites, etc., said that Yanjing Beiping was the emperor’s “land of Longxing” and should follow the example of Ming Taizu’s practice against Fengyang. Ming Chengzu vigorously promoted the status of Yanjing Beiping House, with Beiping as Beijing and Beipingping as Shuntianfu, called “walking” [10]. At the same time, people began to relocate to enrich Beijing; they were forced to move to Beijing, including locals, wealthy people in the south of the Yangtze River, and Shanxi businessmen. Yongle four years (1406), Ming Chengzu went down to Nanjing Emperor Ming Chengzu Zhu Xi Ming Chengzu Zhu Xi The Palace (Nanjing Forbidden City) is a blueprint for the construction of the Beijing Imperial Palace and the city. Zhu Xixian sent personnel to go all over the country to mine precious wood and stone, and then transported to Beijing. It was only 11 years since it was ready for work. The precious nanmu grows in the mountains and mountains, and the people venture into the mountains and collect trees. Many people have lost their lives. Later generations left the “one thousand in the mountains and five hundred in the mountains” to describe the cost of life. It is also very difficult to mine the stone of the palace. Now the largest tanzanite in the back of the temple, was mined in Fangshan, southwest of Beijing. The history book records the scene when it was transported: tens of thousands of workers digging a well every two miles on both sides of the road. When the temperature was low enough in the cold winter, it poured into the ice channel from the well and spent 28 days. Then I was sent to the palace. In addition, it is necessary to burn the bricks used in the royal buildings in Suzhou, the bricks, and the Linqing in Shandong will also deliver the tribute bricks to Beijing. [11] In the 7th year of Yongle (1409), Ming Chengzu used Beijing as the base for the Northern Expedition and began to build Changling in Changping near Beijing. [12] He built his own mausoleum in Beijing instead of Nanjing, proving that Ming Chengzu had made up his mind to move to the capital. In the 14th year of Yongle (1416), Ming Chengzu called the group of officials to formally discuss the issue of moving to Beijing. For the ministers who raised objections, Ming Chengzu was dismissed or severely punished, and no one dared to oppose the move to the capital. [13] The following year, the Beijing Forbidden City, with the Nanjing Forbidden City as a template, officially started construction. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), the Beijing Imperial Palace and Beijing City were completed. The Beijing Imperial Palace is based on the Nanjing Imperial Palace and is slightly larger. The newly-built Beijing City is forty-five miles long and is in a regular square shape, which is in line with the ideal capital of the Zhou Li·Kao Gong Ji. Ming Chengzu was officially moved to the capital, and Jinling Yingtianfu was changed to Nanjing, and Beijing Shuntianfu was changed to Beijing. However, there are still six central institutions in Nanjing, which is called Nanjing, and Nanjing is the capital. Ming Dynasty After the completion of the Forbidden City, the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 500 years includes the activities of the emperor, the hierarchy, the power struggle, and the religious sacrifices. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), the Beijing Palace was completed. The next year, a fire broke out and the first three halls were burned. In the orthodox five years (1440), the former three halls and the dry palace were rebuilt. Tianshun three years (1459), building Xiyuan. Experienced Yongle, Hongxi, Xuande, orthodox four generations, for 20 years. [14] Ming people painted "Beijing Palace City Map" Ming people painted "Beijing Palace City Map" In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing (1557), the Forbidden City fire, the former three halls, Fengtianmen, Wenwulou and Wumen were all burned. It was only after 40 years of Jiajing (1561) that all reconstruction was completed. [15] During the Jiajing period, the names of the three halls of the Forbidden City were changed to Emperor Temple, Zhongji Temple and Jianji Temple. In the twenty-five years of Wanli (1597), the Forbidden City blazes and burns the former three halls and the third house. The rebuilding project was completed in the 7th year of the Apocalypse (1627). [15] In the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Palace was the main palace of the emperor and a major venue for political activities. Since the Yongle Emperor Zhu Xi to the Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youzhen, a total of 14 emperors have lived here. Because the palace was tall and the space was too wide, the emperor was divided into several rooms when he lived here. According to records, in the Ming Dynasty, there were 9 warm pavilions in the Qing Palace, which were divided into two upper and lower floors. A total of 27 beds were placed, and then they were able to enter. Because there are more beds in the room, few people know about the emperor’s sleep every night, in case of any accident. Although the emperor lived in a palace-like palace and was guarded against strictness, he still could not sit still. According to records, after the "****" in Jiajing, Shizong moved to Xiyuan and did not dare to return to the Qing Palace to live. The "Red Pill Case" of the Wanli Emperor of the Wanli Emperor, the "Red Pill Case" that happened to be commemorated by the Empress Dowager, and the "Moving Palace Case" that moved to Renshou Temple as a queen after the election of Tai Changyi, all occurred in the Qing Palace. The Qing Dynasty also served as the emperor's mourning place [16]. Qing Dynasty In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (the first year of Qing Shunzhi, the first year of Dachang Yongchang, 1644), Li Zicheng captured Beijing and destroyed the Ming Dynasty, but Li Zicheng was quickly defeated by Shan Qing in Shanhaiguan. Li Zicheng burned the Forbidden City before retreating to Shaanxi. Only Wuying Hall, Jianji Hall, Yinghua Hall, Nanxun Hall, the surrounding corner building and the Huangjimen were not burned, and the rest of the buildings were destroyed. On the second day of May, the Qing army entered Beijing, and the Forbidden City was taken over by the Qing army. [17] In October of the same year, Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty moved to Beijing. On the first day of October, Emperor Shunzhi issued a book to the whole country in Taihemen, and the Qing Dynasty officially settled in Beijing. After 14 years, the construction of the middle road was basically restored. Emperor Qianlong's music Emperor Qianlong's music In the 22nd year of Emperor Kangxi (1683), the rest of the destroyed buildings in the Forbidden City began to be rebuilt, and it was basically completed in the thirty-fourth year of Kangxi. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, according to the old example of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi both used the Qing Palace as the main venue for living and dealing with the political affairs. After Emperor Yongzheng became the emperor, he began to move to the Yangxin Temple. Yangxin Temple is located in the inner court of the Forbidden City and the west side of Ganqing Palace. It was built in the Jiajing Period of the Ming Dynasty. At first it was not the emperor's palace. During the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty, the House of Internal Affairs set up a number of workshops for the royal family to create palace work, called the “Heart of Hearts Office”. In the sixty-first year of Emperor Kangxi (1722), after Emperor Kangxi’s death, the Emperor Yongzheng of the throne did not move to the Qing’s palace to live in the Qing Palace. Instead, he used the Zunyimen in the west as the father’s filial piety. The Yang Xin Temple was opened to the emperor's palace. [18] From then on, Yang Xin Dian began to become the main processing place for the emperor to live and the Qing Dynasty's political affairs. After the establishment of the military aircraft office, the office was also near the Yangxin Temple. After Emperor Qianlong took the throne, a large-scale expansion and reconstruction of the Yangxin Temple area was gradually formed, and a certain regulation was gradually formed. After Emperor Yongzheng, the eight emperors of Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong lived here. Until the Xuantong Emperor was driven out of the Forbidden City. [15] During the reign of Emperor Xianfeng, Changchun Palace was once connected with the former Qixiang Palace (now the Taiji Temple), and even after the death of Xianfeng, Cixi lived here, and one person enjoyed the two palaces. When the Sixth House arrived in the late Qing Dynasty, Cixi began to transform some palaces. Therefore, there are four palaces in the Sixth House that have left the footprints of Cixi. [19] After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, both Ci'an and Cixi lived in Changchun Palace during the early days of the government. In the same year (1871), Ci'an moved from Changchun Palace to the Bell Palace, and Changchun Palace became the Empress Dowager Cixi. A palace that is exclusive to one person. The Taiji Temple was originally only a second courtyard. When Xianfeng changed the Changchun Palace, the Taiji Temple apse was turned into a hall, and the Taiji Temple and the Changchun Palace were connected into a four-in-one courtyard. Republic of China After the Revolution of 1911 in Xuantong (1911), the Palace of the Forbidden City should have been nationalized, but according to the "Conditions of the Qing Dynasty", the Emperor Ai Xinjue Luo Yi was allowed to "temporary residence", namely "The bed after" section. The guards waited for the usual use; the prince of the prince was still the old one. Therefore, according to the terms of the "Conditions of the Qing Dynasty", plus Yuan Shikai, the old master, and the active support, after the abdication of the emperor, although the emperor was abolished, the emperor Pu Yi As well as the original royal ministers, they still lived in the palace safely. During the life in the Forbidden City in the Imperial Palace, Pu Yi still released the "Shangyu", still using the Xuantong Year of the Year, and still paying tribute to the old and the remains. The government, the Zongren government and the Cautious Criminal Division and other institutions, the deceased minister gave a donkey, did not change the dress, and the criminal law was ruled by the Cautious Criminal Division. The imperial city at that time became the "state of the country." On July 1, 1917, Xu Xun, the warlord of Xuzhou, held the restoration of the Emperor of Qing Dynasty. for The Qing Dynasty during the Republic of China The Qing Dynasty during the Republic of China In order to let Zhang Xun surrender, Duan Qirui launched all the forces that can be launched, including the command of the teachers and students of Beijing Nanyuan Aviation School to join the battle and use the plane to bomb the Forbidden City. Casting three small bombs in the Forbidden City to warn [20]. The plane is only 300 meters from the height of the Forbidden City and is flying at ultra low altitude. [21] Blasting to the Yansong Palace in the Eastern Sixth House of the Forbidden City, the building was slightly damaged. This is considered to be the first air strike bombing in East Asia. In 1924, Feng Yuxiang launched the "Beijing Coup", expelling Pu Yi from the palace, and at the same time establishing the "Clean Room Aftercare Committee" to take over the Forbidden City. On October 10, 1925, the Palace Museum was officially opened and opened to the public. After 1925, the Forbidden City was called the "Forbidden City." With the fall of the Qing dynasty, especially in the 38 years before 1949, the construction of the Forbidden City was gradually ruined, and many palace groups collapsed and garbage became mountains. On the eve of the full-scale outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, in 1933, the Palace Museum decided to adopt cultural relics to avoid the enemy's move to the south, and to establish a cultural relics storehouse in Nanjing to establish the Palace Museum in Nanjing in order to protect its cultural relics and not be destroyed by war or plundered by Japanese imperialism. Branch. From February to May 1933, 13427 boxes and 64 bags of cultural relics, books and archives were selected and shipped to Shanghai in five batches, and then shipped to Nanjing [22]. Modern situation After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, a large-scale renovation of the Forbidden City building was carried out, and a large number of cultural relics were sorted out. In 1961, the State Council promulgated the National Palace Museum as a national key cultural relics protection unit. There are 1.5 million pieces of cultural relics in the Palace Museum. [23] In 1987, the Forbidden City was listed as a “World Cultural Heritage” by UNESCO and became the “National Palace Museum”. Since the 21st century, the Palace Museum has received an average of 600-8 Chinese and foreign audiences every year. Green area is open area Green area is open area 00 million people. With the development of tourism, the number of spectators has increased, showing that people's interest in the Forbidden City is enduring. On August 15, 2013, Shoukang Palace was officially exhibited after the original display. The sculpture hall at Cining Palace opened on May 31, 2015. According to the scale of 2015, the open area of the Forbidden City will reach 76% by 2020. The Forbidden City is carrying out renovations of cultural relics and historic sites, environmental remediation, and expansion of exhibition areas. [twenty four] On November 23, 2014, the mascot of the Forbidden City in Beijing was unveiled for the first time. The mascot was derived from the traditional Chinese image of auspicious dragon and phoenix, namely the dragon “strong” and the phoenix “beautiful”. On October 11, 2015, the Palace Museum officially opened up new areas such as the Cining Palace area, the Wumen Goose Fringe area, and the Donghua Gate, increasing the open area of the Forbidden City from the current 52% to 65%. [8] On the afternoon of February 25th, 2016, the National Palace Museum hosted the “Taiwan Ruyi – Cui Ruzhen Art Palace Exhibition” at the Great Hall of the People. [25] On April 12, 2016, the director of the Palace Museum, Shan Yuxiang, introduced that the open area of the Forbidden City increased by 11% to 76%, and new exhibitions in various forms were opened. At the same time, "Luoyang Peony and the Palace Museum's peony theme cultural relics exhibition" opened in the Forbidden City. There are 12,000 pots of peony from Luoyang to Beijing. They are scattered in the area of Cining Palace Garden, Ganqingmen Square, Cining Palace, Shoukang Palace, Yongkang Zuomen-Right Gate, Longzongmen and other areas, recreating the Qing Dynasty. The peony flower of the Forbidden City is in full swing. [26] On May 24, 2018, the Palace Museum decided to open the whole day on Monday since June 2018, except for national holidays. [27] Architectural editor Building scale The Forbidden City in Beijing was built by Emperor Zhu Xi of the Ming Dynasty. The designer was Yu Xiang (1397—1481, the word Tingrui, Suzhou). Covering an area of 720,000 square meters (length 961 meters, width 753 meters), construction area of about 150,000 square meters, covers an area of 720,000 square meters, with 1 million migrant workers, built for 14 years, with 9999 half of houses, the actual According to the expert survey in 1973, there are more than 90 large and small courtyards in the Forbidden City, and there are 980 houses with a total of 8,707 rooms. (This “room” is not the concept of today's rooms. Here, “room” refers to the space formed by the four pillars). Architectural modeling The palace in front of the Forbidden City, the architectural style required magnificent and magnificent. Forbidden City Forbidden City (2 photos) The courtyard is open and wide, symbolizing the supremacy of the feudal regime. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is located in the center of the diagonal of the Forbidden City, with ten auspicious beasts on each corner. The designers of the Forbidden City thought that this would show the emperor's majesty and shock the world. The latter inner court is demanding deep and compact, so the Sixth and Sixth Houses are self-contained, each with a palace wall, relatively arranged and orderly. After the inner court is Gong Hou Yuan [28]. The Palace Museum is arranged along a north-south central axis. The three main halls, the third three palaces, and the royal garden are all located on this central axis. And spread to both sides, straight north and south, symmetrical. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City, but also reaches Yongdingmen in the south and the Drum Tower and Bell Tower in the north, running through the city [29]. Building layout editor Overall pattern The Forbidden City is located in the center of Beijing. The layout is based on the principle of "Zhou Li, Kao Gong Ji Ji": "Zuo Zu, You She, Face, and Market". The building is located on the central axis of Beijing City, which is eight kilometers long from north to south. Now the People’s Cultural Palace in front of the Forbidden City, the Ming and Qing Dynasties are the temples of the emperor’s ancestral ancestors; the Zhongshan Park in front of the right is the community of the emperor’s worship of the gods and the gods of the valley; the front has the premises of the courtiers; twenty three] . The north side of the Forbidden City in Beijing is the Longevity Mountain, and the south is the Jinshui River, which coincides with the ancient palace's principle of “negative yin and yang, and qi and harmony”. Wanshou Mountain is an artificial mountain built for the construction of the imperial city Feng Shui. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was located in the former site of the Yanchun Pavilion in the Yuan Dynasty, and was built by excavating the mud of the moat and Nanhu. On the one hand, the construction of this mountain satisfies the principle of “negative yin” in the imperial city, and on the other hand, it has also preserved the feng shui of the former dynasty. Therefore, the Longevity Mountain is also known as the “town of mountains”. [30] The layout of Beijing Sijiu City is the two dragons to protect the Forbidden City. According to the ancient Chinese astrological theory, purple micro stars (ie, Polaris) are located.